Around the middle of spring, you’ll begin to hear the moans and groans of working adults needing tax help and complaining about federal income taxes. Sure, we all know that it’s legally required, but do we really know why a substantial chunk of our taxable income is being handed over to the government?

Regardless of whether we give a nod of approval or think it is totally absurd, understanding the true purpose of taxation is necessary for all taxpayers. Why do we pay taxes? There are plenty of reasons. From funding retirement programs to paying government workers for public services, taxes help keep our country running.

Why do we pay taxes? The simplest reason is that the municipal, state, and national governments implement tax laws, and taxpayers’ money is the primary source of funding for government services of all kinds.

These governments are comprised of a few parts: the legislators (those who make laws), executives (those who enforce laws), judges (those who decipher laws), and many others. The money received from state and federal taxes pays individuals who work for the government, as well as for public programs like education and infrastructure like roads.

Although a legal requirement, paying individual income taxes is also considered a civic duty. If you neglect to pay, the mediating body that oversees taxes (the Internal Revenue Service, or IRS) will require that you do so — otherwise, you might face penalties such as hefty fines or jail time.

Taxes come in a number of forms. Income tax is the amount you pay from any income you make, including the payroll taxes you pay when working at a job. Depending on your income, a percentage of that money is withheld, meaning it’s removed from your paycheck and sent to the government. When you purchase items at a store, a sales tax is typically added to the price. Sales tax is a percentage of the cost of the goods charged at the store. Owning property also requires you to pay property taxes on its assessed value.

Roads make for an easy way to characterize national government spending. A more complete picture would include all the federal programs and public programs supported by the dollars in your federal income tax return. Consider this: Your personal income taxes also pay for someone else’s refundable tax credit. Social Security is how millions of Americans pay for rent and groceries. When you think of paying individual income taxes, you may be paying for a grandmother’s medicine or a grandfather’s groceries.

When it comes to taxes, there are three types: federal, state, and local. Why do we have to pay taxes to each level of government? Each level uses these taxes in different ways to fund governmental operations. Below, we’ll go over each level of government and how they collect taxes.

The 16th Amendment was ratified on February 3rd, 1903, and gave Congress the power to impose a federal income tax. However, tax collection isn’t a new concept. Taxes have been collected for thousands of years by ancient civilizations, such as the Romans and Egyptians, who saw significant economic growth and power in their time. Today, taxes serve as the largest source of revenue for the United States government and are used to fund public programs, our nation’s security, and more.

In the fiscal year of 2022, the Tax Policy Center found the U.S. government collected roughly $4.9 trillion in taxes, with:

• 54 percent of those taxes coming from individual income taxes
• 30 percent coming from social insurance (payroll) taxes
• 9 percent coming from corporate income taxes
• 2 percent coming from excise taxes
• 5 percent coming from other sources, such as estate taxes, tariffs, and earnings from the Federal Reserve’s holdings

States also collect their own taxes. Some reasons why we pay taxes at the state level is to fund programs and projects such as schools and roads. The Tax Policy Center showed that state and local governments collected $4.1 trillion in general revenues. Here’s a breakdown of the tax revenue sources:

• 37 percent of revenue came from intergovernmental transfers
• 14 percent of revenue came from general sales taxes
• 9 percent of revenue came from charges and miscellaneous sources
• 19 percent of revenue came from individual income taxes
• 13 percent of revenue came from other taxes
• 3 percent of revenue came from corporate taxes

Intergovernmental transfers include funds transferred from other governments, typically the federal government.

Charges and miscellaneous sources typically include tuition that is paid to public state universities and colleges, toll fares for bridges and highways, and money paid to public hospitals.

Other taxes typically include revenue collected from estate taxes, license fees, and severance taxes, according to the Tax Policy Center. States also levy taxes on select sale items, such as tobacco, alcohol, and gasoline.

Finally, municipal governments collect their own taxes, such as the town, city, county, township, or school district you live in. Most local government revenue is collected from property, sales, and income taxes, whereas most federal revenue comes directly from federal income taxes. Here’s the local general revenues from fiscal year 2021 broken out by the Tax Policy Center:

• 37 percent of revenue comes from intergovernmental transfers
• 30 percent of revenue comes from property taxes
• 16 percent of revenue comes from charges and miscellaneous sources
• 5 percent of revenue comes from sales taxes
• 2 percent of revenue comes from other taxes
• 2 percent of revenue comes from individual income taxes

Local governments in 2021 collected over $2 trillion of general revenue, with $740 billion coming from sales, individual income, property, and other taxes. Aside from property taxes, sales taxes, and intergovernmental transfers from federal and state governments, local governments collected revenue from parking meter fees, water fees, sewage fees, and more.

A major reason why many Americans asked themselves, “Why do we pay taxes?” is because they don’t know where their hard-earned money goes. After figuring filing status and your marginal tax rate for your income level, you may still contribute quite a bit of your earnings. Once the government takes money out of your paycheck, you may see it in a few public works projects such as paved roads and your Social Security check when you retire.

But where does the rest of your money really go? Here’s how each level of government uses their tax money.

Each year, the government uses your federal income taxes to go to major public works programs and national defense to keep our country safe and citizens healthy. On USAspending.gov, you can find a complete breakdown of where your tax dollars go. In fiscal year 2018, here are the top five areas of spending by the federal government:

• Medicare: $1,582,650,103,296
• Social Security: $1,541,027,236,655
• National Defense: $1,358,253,371,219
• Health: $1,098,419,579,301
• Income Security: $717,980,743,457

As you can see, that’s a lot of money being spent, and those categories are only five of the twenty listed on USAspending.gov.

While the federal government uses your tax dollars to take care of large national programs, state governments use tax dollars for elementary, secondary, and higher education, transportation, Medicaid, public housing, and more. The National Associate of State Budget Officers released a State Expenditure Report for fiscal years 2022- 2024. Here’s what their report found:

• State funds grew significantly in the years following COVID-19, due to record-high economic growth, consumer spending, inflation, unemployment growth and stock market gains.
• Elementary and secondary education spending remains the largest category of general fund spending and second-largest of total state spending.
• Medicaid spending represents more than half of all federal funds to states.

Local government spending is more visible than state and federal spending, as most of their revenue is spent on tangible services. For example, local governments are in charge of sewers and running water, electricity, waste removal, and school transportation. When local governments collect taxes, they use the money to fund public works programs like these. In 2021 alone, local governments spent roughly $1.9 trillion to fund many public works and welfare programs, such as corrections, police, firefighters, libraries, parks, and more.

Here, levels of government can affect how sources of revenue are spent: Most state governments collect the taxes that local governments spend. In 2021, states transferred $621 billion to local governments, including indirect funds applied via pass-through grants.

Now that you know the answer to “Why do we pay taxes?” you’re probably wondering who gets to decide on how taxes are used. Below, we’ll go over how decisions are made at each level of government.

Each year, the President has to create a budget. In order to create a budget, the President must create a detailed plan, and funds are collected from taxes and borrowed money in the form of bonds, notes, and Treasury bills. USA.gov explains the process of creating a budget, which goes as follows:

Step 1: Department and agencies submit proposals, and begin working on them 1 ½ years before they’re due. They then send their proposals to the President to help with his/her budget request.

Step 2: The President submits their budget plan by the first Monday in February, usually in a State of the Union Address, and gives the proposed budget to Congress.

Step 3: The Senate and House of Representatives create budget resolutions by analyzing the President’s proposal. During this process, they bring in outside experts for expert advice on how the proposal will impact various industries.

Step 4: The House and Senate both create appropriations committees to distribute funding, which is sent to twelve subcommittees who oversee different governmental agencies, who draft bills setting the funding for the agency they overlook.

Step 5: Once the House committees draft bills, they send it to the entire House for approval. Once the House approves it, the budget proposal goes to the Senate for approval. Both chambers must vote on the same exact bill, and if approved, it is sent to the President.

Step 6: Once approved by Congress, the bill will be sent to the President for his/her signature. If the President approves, it will be enacted into law. However, if the President vetoes the bill and a budget isn’t approved by the deadline, a government shutdown can occur, which will cease funding for many federal programs.

At the state level of government, residents of the state vote for state legislatures. It’s these legislators who get to decide what to do with revenue collected from taxes. Legislatures get to determine where tax money can be spent, whether for education, public works projects, healthcare, public assistance programs, or corrections. The National Conference of State Legislatures created a Tax Policy Handbook for State Legislatures that outlines their duties and provides information on the various categories of where taxes can be levied.

Local governments are composed of representatives elected by city or town residents. These elected representatives sit on city commissions, councils, and boards. It’s these groups that decide on how local taxes will be spent, whether on public schooling, building a new local library, or anything else the town may need.

Seeing large sums of money taken out of your paycheck can be frustrating, especially if you’re comparing corporate income tax rates to your personal marginal rate. However, knowing why we pay federal income taxes will help you understand where your taxable income goes and who gets to decide.

Being part of a democracy means you get to exercise your right to vote and make changes, including how and where your tax money is being spent, from social programs to infrastructure. Overall, your tax money is helping you by providing you with smooth roads to drive on, schools for your children to attend, and national security to keep you and your family safe.

When tax season comes around, you can consult with tax preparation experts, such as those at Community Tax, who will help you complete an accurate tax return to get the most of your money. Whether it’s through tax credits and deductions or getting out of owed taxes with the IRS, Community Tax is here to help.